When analysing blowback from United States-counterterrorism drone strikes in Yemen, Hudson, Owens and Callen (2012) found evidence for a long-term political blowback in addition to short(er)-term blowback such as destabilization, retaliation attacks, enhanced recruitment of extremist militia. They argue that air operations in the long term undermine the legitimacy and authority of a government, a vacuum which might be filled by groups such as, Al-Qaeda or Ansar al-Sharia.

Source:

Hudson, L., C.S. Owens, and D.J. Callen. 2012. ‘Drone Warfare in Yemen: Fostering Emirates Through Counterterrorism?’ Middle East Policy 19 (3): 142–56.